Laryngeal cancer in Latin America

Laryngeal cancer is a significant health issue among non-communicable chronic diseases. Cuba has one of the highest rates in the Americas considering continental rates overall. However, it must be noted that rates in Latin America, even in more developed countries, are not entirely reliable due to underreporting, especially in areas of greater poverty.

It is estimated that this year 12,620 adults (9,940 men and 2,680 women) will be diagnosed with laryngeal cancer. The incidence rates of this disease have been decreasing by 2 to 3 percent each year. It is believed that this is due to a decrease in tobacco use.

Laryngeal cancer worldwide

Europe is the most affected continent, with higher prevalence in Mediterranean countries such as France and Spain (3). It accounts for 3% of cancers in males and 0.2% in females. In the vast majority of cases, it occurs in males, typically during midlife (6). The incidence rate is up to 20 per 100,000 men in Latin Europe, whereas in North America, for instance, the rate is 8.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. India shows areas with moderate incidence as well, with 14 cases per 100,000 men recorded in Mumbai.

Overall, the highest rates were recorded in Western and Southern Europe. The incidence in women was much lower, with a gender ratio of 16.5. In contrast to males, the high-risk areas for women were Ireland (1.3), Denmark (1.0), Belgium (0.9), and the United Kingdom (0.8).

Symptoms

These and other signs and symptoms may indicate laryngeal cancer or other conditions. Consult with your doctor if you experience any of the following signs or symptoms:

• Persistent sore throat or cough.
• Difficulty or pain when swallowing.
• Earache.
• Lump in the neck or throat.
• Voice changes or hoarseness.
  
  

Potential tests to diagnose laryngeal cancer

Throat and neck physical examination: Examination of the throat and neck to check for any abnormal areas. The doctor will palpate the inside of the mouth and throat with a gloved finger and use a small mirror with a long handle and light to examine the mouth and throat. They will also examine the inside of the cheeks and lips; the gums; the back, the roof, and the floor of the mouth; the top, bottom, and sides of the tongue; and the throat. They will palpate the neck to check for any signs of swollen lymph nodes. Information is also collected about lifestyle habits, medical history, and previous treatments.

Biopsy: The collection of cells or tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist to determine if there are signs of cancer. Sometimes, tissue samples are collected during one of the following procedures:

Laryngoscopy: A procedure where a physician examines the larynx using a mirror or laryngoscope to detect any abnormal areas. A laryngoscope is a slender tube-shaped instrument, equipped with a light and a lens that allows the examination of the throat and larynx. Sometimes it has a tool for collecting tissue samples and examining them under a microscope to check for signs of cancer.

Endoscopy: A procedure to examine the inner structures of the body, such as the throat, esophagus, and trachea, to determine if there are any abnormalities. An endoscope (a slender tube-shaped instrument equipped with a light and a lens for observation) is inserted through an opening in the body, such as the mouth. At times, a specialized endoscope attachment is used to collect tissue samples.

Computed Tomography (CT): A procedure in which a series of detailed images of the body’s internal structures are taken from different angles. The images are generated by a computer connected to an X-ray machine. A dye is administered intravenously or orally to enhance the visibility of the organs or tissues. This procedure is also known as computed tomography, computerized axial tomography (CAT), or CT scan.

To learn more, please talk to your doctor.

Treatments

There are various types of treatment available for laryngeal cancer patients.

Four types of standard treatment are used:

Surgery: A procedure in which doctors remove cancerous tissue.

Chemotherapy: Special drugs are used to shrink or kill cancer cells. These medications can come in the form of oral tablets or injections administered into your veins, or in some cases, both methods may be used.

Radiation therapy: High-energy rays (similar to X-rays) are used to kill cancer cells.

Immunotherapy: Drugs are used to help a person’s immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively.